The Dutch East India Company (VOC), that most scrupulous and fair-minded of organisations, seized all but one of the Bandas in the early 1600s, swiftly enslaving the native occupants. In 1603, the English gained a toehold in the trade by arranging to export Run's nutmeg, seemingly without force or guile. The Dutch and English then fought skirmishes, punctuated by faltering truces, over tiny Run for the next 60 years. Eventually, they settled on a compromise. The English agreed to "swap" Run for a Dutch holding in the far west, a fur trading post named Manhattan ...
The spice island they swapped for Manhattan
Ten thousand miles from New York, residents of Run still live from nutmeg and fishing
Krithika Varagur in Run, Indonesia August 4, 2017
Three hundred and fifty years ago, a swampy spit of land called Manhattan was traded for a tiny volcanic island that is now part of Indonesia. Today, one of them has Times Square and the other has electricity for just five hours a day.
For the British, and then the Americans, it turned out to be one of history’s best territorial swaps. But the tale of how New Amsterdam became New York also has a Pacific chapter — and it leads to Pulau Run, a speck of land so small it does not register even on most maps of Indonesia.
Under the 1667 Treaty of Breda that ended the second Anglo-Dutch war, England kept Manhattan, which it had seized from the Netherlands three years earlier, while the Dutch gained Run, which had been the only English outpost in the Spice Islands. Territories in Africa and the Americas were also exchanged.
The Dutch had finally realised their dream of a nutmeg monopoly, for the 10 Banda Islands were home to all the world’s nutmeg trees. It was not until the 19th century that the British figured out how to cultivate them in Malaysia and India, bursting an asset bubble in the spice.
Nutmeg still grows vigorously on Run, yielding a substantial crop three times a year. Most of the island’s few hundred residents have plots in the forest. From the forest edge, their tin-roofed houses cascade to the shore.
Samima, a grandmother who like many Indonesians uses only one name, dries nutmeg seeds and mace — a spice made from the seeds’ covering — on her porch. She sells it for about Rp75,000 ($6) per kilogramme.
“Business is steady, don’t worry,” she says. “Otherwise, we wouldn’t have money to eat, would we?”But Run, at the fraying edge of the modern interconnected world, is not rich.
A solitary pier, snaking into the ocean, is the main thoroughfare. Locals take home the catch of the day still wriggling in their hands. A toddler plays with an empty detergent bottle on a string. There are no cars, internet, mobile telephone reception or newspapers. Most houses, however, have a television.
“Before TV? It was pretty hard to get news. I guess you had to go to Banda Neira,” the main hub of the Banda Islands, says Abdullah, who owns a guesthouse.
Sugianti, a divorced 22-year-old mother of two, complains that she has to go to Banda Neira to use Facebook. She and her friend Tia meet most nights at one of their parents’ houses and watch a cartoon or soap opera with their toddlers until the lights go out at 11pm.
They are excited about October’s “Manhattan Festival” commemorating the Treaty of Breda, which has been organised by the Banda Islands’ tourist board, although most islanders have little idea what is being celebrated about Run.
“It used to be part of Holland, and now it’s not?” ventures one young man, in the singsong cadence with which people here speak Bahasa Indonesia. Most people do not know what “Manhattan” is — except as the name of two local guesthouses.
But Momen, Sugianti’s father, is better informed. “This island contains the history of the world,” he says. “It’s a great history. Were it not for us, Americans would speak Dutch.” The islanders, he says, have been subject to the rule of Portugal, England, the Netherlands, Japan and now Indonesia — which mostly leaves them alone.
“We don’t need to be rich,” he says. “We just need enough money to eat. Life is simple here.”
“There are just four professions here for the men,” says Abdullah, counting down on his fingers: “Gardeners, fishermen, traders, and sailors.”
In 1621 the Dutch murdered or forced into exile most male Bandanese, skewering and displaying 40 of their heads on bamboo spears — retribution for breaking the terms of a dubious treaty. The 1,000 or so islanders remaining from a pre-conquest population of 15,000 were forced into slavery.
The Bandanese slowly reconstituted themselves as a bricolage of ethnicities. In an archipelago that traded with Arabs, Chinese and Indians long before colonisation, most residents are devout Muslims.
Run’s remoteness means little contact with Indonesian bureaucracy or public services. There are schools and a small clinic but even the island’s part-time electricity is supplied privately, by an enterprising Jakarta businessman.
Children are uniformly very small for their age. Among them is a four-year-old who looks about two and cannot yet speak in sentences. “He’s not healthy at all,” says Sifa, his mother. “He coughs all the time.”
Run’s young men often look for work off the island. “I spent six years on a fishing boat, from age 17 to 23, part of it in Taiwan but mostly near Java, fishing for tuna,” says Yudi, 30. He estimates about 100 young men from Run are similarly employed. The hard work was worth it, he says, because he was able to buy his own boat.
Parts of the Bandas are still, as Alfred Wallace wrote in The Malay Archipelago in 1822, “clothed from base to summit with nutmeg trees, shadowed by huge kanaris [wild almond trees], their interlacing canopies protecting the precious spice plantations from the sun”.
Iskandar, a schoolteacher, says there used to be more trees. “But it’s enough for us. You can’t move in this forest without [finding nutmeg and] making money.”
Run’s people remain on the edge of the world. “What’s Manhattan like?” asks Sifa. “After my kids grow up I hope to travel a little. First to Ambon [the provincial capital], and then maybe Surabaya [on Java], and then . . . well, you just try and visit us again soon.”
The island of Manhattan on Google Earth
The island of Run on Google Earth
The tiny island that launched the British Empire and was traded for Manhattan
In Indonesia, where the ocean has long been the highway between the more than 17,000 islands, boats offer a myriad of clues about the seas and the people. The dugouts are obvious – they’re limited by the size of trees and never travel far from home. Long, narrow-hulled fishing boats are perfect for launching from a beach, and cut through the swell nicely.
But it’s the big schooners, called phinisi in Indonesian, that tell the most intriguing story. Like most of the boats we’d seen, much of the construction is traditional: hand-carved beams; wooden dowels instead of nails; and seams caulked with cotton. But the twist is that these two-masted ships borrowed both design details (originally part cargo ship, part warship) and the source of their name from Dutch pinnaces, vessels that first found their way to the Banda Sea in the spring of 1599.
The Dutch, along with the Portuguese, English and Spanish, had been in a ferocious race to find the elusive Spice Islands and gain control of the spice trade. There were fortunes to be made in cloves and nutmeg, and everyone was eager to knock out the middleman – the Asian and Arab traders who kept the islands’ location a secret.
When the Dutch finally found the islands, they protected their investment by forming the Dutch East India Company (VOC). With a horrific brutality that included slaying much of the local Bandanese population, they gained control of the plantations of evergreen nutmeg trees; the spice they produced not only flavoured food but was thought to cure illness including the bubonic plague.
At the time, nutmeg only grew in the Banda Islands. A combination of the region’s isolation and the finicky nature of the nutmeg tree kept the price astronomical. Nutmeg will only grow in specific conditions: fertile, well-drained soil in a tropical climate that gets lots of rain. Even then the trees only fruit after seven to nine years, and the labour-intensive process of harvesting requires workers to handpick each fruit and remove the outer covering, before carefully peeling off the mace (a delicate, saffron-coloured spice), drying the seed and cracking off the hard shell.
With the local population subdued and enslaved as workers, the VOC monopoly of the spice trade was now hampered by just one thing. In 1616, the English had managed to gain control of a Banda Island called Run; a speck of island less than 2 miles long and just more than half a mile wide.
It was here the English claimed their first colony and formed the English East India Company, and in doing so launched the British Empire.
The English East India Company was only able to defend Run against the Dutch for four years – but they didn’t give up their claim. In 1664, in retaliation, four English frigates were sent across the Atlantic Ocean to seize a Dutch holding called New Amsterdam. The seat of the colonial Dutch government at southern tip of Manhattan Island had a population of 2,000 people, but they quickly capitulated. In 1677, the two countries came to an agreement; both had refused to give up their claims on each other’s islands, so they made a trade.
The Dutch gained control of Run and the English got New Amsterdam – a new colony they renamed New York.
These days, the Bandanese have regained control of their 11 islands and their nutmeg. Not many signs of the Dutch or English remain, other than the ruins from the VOC’s forts, the architectural style of the homes and the shape of the phinisi schooners that carry live-aboard divers around the islands.
Ships like these were once Indonesia’s main form of transportation, carrying spices and cargo. Later they gained notoriety when the crews turned to piracy, using their skills to plunder European ships. These days, many of the traditional phinisi are outfitted with comfortable cabins and offer multiday voyages throughout Indonesia.
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